Pointillism

Pointillism is a painting method of placing dots on the painting surface to achieve various affects.

The dots can be placed singly, in rows, or randomly. The dots can also be placed by themselves or overlapping. You can also mix up the options.

The dots used can also vary in size. They can be uniform in size, or they also can be varied in the same painting.

There are a couple of ways to achieve the larger dots:

• One is to paint with round sponge tips by dipping them in the paint and then dabbing them on to the painting surface. To have the sponges last longer, wet them first and squeeze out the excess water, before dipping them in the paint. Be sure to clean them afterwords, according to the type paint that was used; water for watercolor paints, soap and water for acrylics.

• A second way, is using Sponge Paint Markers. The paint is already in the bottle, ready to use.

Georges Pierre Seurat was a French Post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising a technique of painting known as pointillism.

Georges Seurat: 'Sunday afternoon on the Island of Grand Jatte' (1886), Art Institute of Chicago

Georges Seurat: 'La Parade' (detail)

Author: Daniel Meré (3º ESO)

Dadaism

Dadaism was born in Germany and in Switzerland during the First World War and then it was taken to Paris.

It wasn’t an artistic movement as such, it was an attitude that expressed despair and disgust. They fought against the established order, characterized by a greedy society longing for power.  Dadaists tried to end up with any concept of art, literature or poetry from the past. They supported a new ideology, a new way of living.

Dadaists experienced different styles. Their works would be later developed by the Surrealist Movement. Some important painters were Johannes Theodor Baargeld and Hans Richter.

Hans Richter: Visionary Portrait (1917)

R. Mott: Urinary (1917)

Author: Pablo Fernández Suárez

Futurism

Futurism was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20^th century.  The themes are associated with contemporary concepts of the future, including speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane and the industrial city.

It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere. The Futurism practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre, film, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy.

Giacomo Balla: 'Abstract Speed+Sound' (1914), Guggenheim Collection

Carlo Carrá: 'Horse and rider' (1912)

Author: Wikipedia (copied by Sara Menéndez García)

Cool Art

A term that has been applied to various types of abstract art characterized by such qualities as calculation, detachment, and impersonality. 

Usually the art referred to is geometrical, and often it is made up of repetitive structures or units. The term was evidently first used in print by the critic Irving Sandler in 1965 (in an article in 'Art in America'), but the term 'Cool School' had been used a year earlier (in an article in 'Artforum' by P. Leider). 

The art historian Barbara Rose has referred to the term as a synonym for Minimal Art, which she describes as 'an art whose blank, neutral, mechanical impersonality contrasts so violently with the romantic, biographical Abstract Expressionist style which preceded it that spectators are chilled by its apparent lack of feeling or content'.

Polly Apfelbaum: Bubbles (2000)

Author: Ian Chilvers & John Glaves-Smith ('A dictionary of modern and contemporary art', copied by Clara Rodríguez Fernández)

Op Art

Op art, also known as optical art, is a style of visual art that makes use of optical illusions.

Optical art is a method of painting concerning the interaction between illusion and picture plane, between understanding and seeing. Op art works are abstract, with many pieces made in only black and white. 

When the viewer looks at them, the impression is given of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibration, patterns, or alternatively, of swelling or warping.

Some op art artists are: Josef Albers, Richard Allen, Getulio Alviani, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Tony DeLap, etc

Bridget Riley: 'Movement in squares' (1961)

Richard Anuszkiewicz: 'Intrinsic Harmony' (1965)

Author: Wikipedia (copied by Jaime Torner Amigo)

Expressionism

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.

  

Expressionism is art that is more associated with emotion or feeling than with literal interpretation of a subject.

Expressionistic art uses vivid colours, distortion two-dimensional subjects that lack perspective.

Edvard Munch: 'The scream' (1893), Munch Museum Oslo

George Grosz: 'Republican automatons' (1920), Museum of Modern Art New York City

Author: Alberto Sáez Menéndez (3º ESO)

Abstract Expressionism

Abstract Expressionism is a modern art movement that flowered in America after the Second World War and held sway until the dawn of Pop Art in the 1960's. With this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world.

Abstract Expressionism has its roots in other earlier 20th century art movements such as Cubism and Surrealism that promoted abstraction rather than representation. The psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung provided the intellectual context in this quest for new subject matter.

The major players in Abstract Expression were Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Still, Arshile Gorky, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Philip Guston, Lee Krasner, Ad Reinhardt and sculptor David Smith.

The Abstract Expressionists goal was a raw and impulsive art. What mattered were the qualities of the paint itself and the act of painting itself.

Jackson Pollock: 'Number 8' (1949), Neuberger Museum, State University of New York

Marc Rothko: 'Untitled' (violet, black, orange, yellow over white and red), Guggenheim Museum New York City

Author: www.biddingtons.com (copied by Silvia Martín Martínez)